Experimental techniques in solid state physics

PhD E.S.Tikhonov

Annotation

The purpose of this seminar is the acquaintance of the 3-d year students with a set of the most important techniques which are using in the experimental solid state physics: low-temperature techniques, methods of strong magnetic fields generation and high-vacuum equipment. The seminar is organized in the form of the reports, which students present on the basis of original publications on appropriate sections of a course.

1. Experimental techniques in low temperature physics.
   Cryogenic liquids: properties, liquefaction and storage. Different types of cryostats.
   Properties of 4He and 3He. Superfluidity.
   Electrons on the surface of 4He.
   Heat contacts, heat switches, Kapitza heat jump.
   Dilution refrigerators
   Adiabatic demagnetization of paramagnetic salts, nuclear demagnetization.
   Cryostats based on the Pomeranchuk effect
   Superfluidity of 3He.
   Laser cooling of atoms.
   Thermometry at low temperatures.
   
2. Ultra high magnetic field techniques.
   Pulsed solenoids, magnetic field obtained by explosion method.
   Bitter solenoid.
   Superconducting magnetic systems.
   
3. High-vacuum techniques.
   Vacuum generation systems:
   Forepumps, turbomolecular-, sputter-ion-,cryogenic pumps.
   Vacuum control methods.
   Surface control methods: LEED, HEED, SIMS, Auger-spectroscopy.
   

1. G.Ventura, L.Risegari, “The art of Cryogenics, Low temperature experimental techniques”, Elsevier, 2008
2. О.В.Лоунасмаа, «Принципы и методы получения температур ниже 1К», Пер. с англ. - М., Мир, 1977.
3. G.K.White, “Experimental techniques in low-temperature physics”, Oxford, 1959.
4. А.Н.Сахаров, «Взрывомагнитные генераторы», ЖЭТФ, 1962.
5. М.Уилсон, «Сверхпроводящие магниты», Пер. с англ. - М., Мир, 1985.
6. В.С.Эдельман, «Вблизи абсолютного нуля», М., Наука, 1983.